List of
Calculators, Figures, Tables*

List of Calculators*

Form 1.2-1 -- ERRORs due to Distance / Time [Sample Calculations]*

Form 2.2-1 -- Ranges Target Echoes Equal [Sample Calculation]*
Form 2.2-2 -- Range Distant Target Echo greater than Close Target (on-coming) [Sample Calculation]*
Form 2.2-3 -- Range Distant Target Echo greater than Close Target (receding) *

Form 4.2-1 -- Range Given Speed Error [Sample Calculation]*
Form 4.2-2 -- Minimum Range [Sample Calculation]*
Form 4.2-3 -- Stationary Radar Simulator [Sample Calculation]*

Form 4.3-1 -- Range Given Speed Error (Moving Mode) [Sample Calculation]*
Form 4.3-2 -- Minimum Range (Moving Mode) [Sample Calculation]*
Form 4.3-3 -- Moving Mode Radar Simulator [Sample Calculation]*

Form 4.4-1 -- Across the Road Radar [Sample Calculation]*

Form 4.5-1 -- Acceleration and Velocity on a Curve [Sample Calculation]*

Form 5.2-1 -- Speed Error due to Frequency Error [Sample Calculation]*
Form 5.2-2 -- Tuning Fork Resonance vs Speed for Ka band [Sample Calculation]*

Form 6.3-1 -- Beam Spread [Sample Calculation]*

Form 6.4-1 -- Distance between Beam Center and Aim Spot [Sample Calculation]*

Form B-1 -- Wavelength, Frequency, or Period*
Form B-2 -- EM Fields*

Form -- Traffic Light Stopping G's [Sample Calculation]*

Convert Speed Dimension* (Constants)
Convert Distance Dimension* (Constants)
Convert Power Dimension* (Constants)
Convert Power Density Dimension* (Constants)

List of Figures

Figure 1.1-A --Timing Animation*
Figure 1.1-1 -- Radar Set-up
Figure 1.1-2 -- Across the Road Radar Set-up
Figure 1.1-3 -- Photo Radar picture*
Figure 1.2-1 -- Wheel Radius and Speedometer Accuracy*
Figure 1.2-2 -- Across the Road Laser
Figure 1.3-1 -- Vehicle Radar System Diagram*

Figure 2.1-1 -- Radar Signal
Figure 2.1-2 -- Stationary Radar Spectrum
Figure 2.1-3 -- Moving Mode Spectrum Opposite Direction Target
Figure 2.1-4 -- Moving Mode Spectrum Same-lane Target Front Antenna
Figure 2.1-5 -- Moving Mode Spectrum Same-lane Target Rear Antenna
Figure 2.2-1 -- Radar Cross Section Plot
Figure 2.2-2 -- Target Ranges for Equal Echoes
Figure 2.2-3 -- Targets Range Difference for Equal Echoes
Figure 2.2-4 -- Range Distant Target Echo greater than Close Target

Figure 3.1-1 -- Typical Radar Gun
Figure 3.1-2 -- Speed Display Configurations
Figure 3.2-A -- PR-100 photo radar set-up*
Figure 3.2-B -- Stalker radar*
Figure 3.2-C -- Stalker moving radar*
Figure 3.2-D -- Eagle radar*
Figure 3.2-E -- KR-10 SP radar*
Figure 3.2-F -- Mobile Traffic Zone Safety Radar photos (3)*
Figure 3.2-G -- BEE-36 radar*
Figure 3.2-H -- SMC-1000 Safety Radar photos (3)*
Figure 3.2-I -- TMT 6F photo radar*
Figure 3.2-J -- TMT 6F photo radar set-up*

Figure 4.1-1 -- Cosine Effect Setup
Figure 4.1-2 -- Cosine Effect from an Overpass
Figure 4.1-3 -- Cosine Effect Due to Hills / Curves
Figure 4.1-4 -- Angle vs Measured Speed
Figure 4.2-1 -- Cosine Effect and Radar Speed Reading
Figure 4.2-2 -- Target Range/Time vs Cosine Errors
Figure 4.2-3 -- Cosine Effect and Relative Target Acceleration
Figure 4.2-A -- Cosine Error Range / Velocity Error Equation*
Figure 4.2-B -- Cosine Error Range / Acceleration Equation*
Figure 4.2-C -- Stationary Radar Model*
Figure 4.3-1 -- Moving Mode Radar Variables
Figure 4.3-2 -- Target Speed Error (percent above true speed)
Figure 4.3-3 -- Measured Target Speed Error (alpha = beta = 5 degrees)
Figure 4.3-A -- Moving Mode and Cosine Error Equations*
Figure 4.3-B -- Cosine Error Range / Velocity Error Equation (moving-mode)*
Figure 4.3-C -- Cosine Error Range / Acceleration Equation (moving-mode)*
Figure 4.3-D -- Moving Radar Model*
Figure 4.4-1 -- Across the Road Radar
Figure 4.4-2 -- Distance and Time, and Speed Spread
Figure 4.4-3 -- Doppler Shift Spectrum
Figure 4.4-4 -- Spectrum for 250 ms Period
Figure 4.5-1 -- Target on a Curve
Figure 4.5-2 -- Target Parameters on a Curve
Figure 4.5-3 -- Velocity and Acceleration Vectors on a Curve
Figure 4.5-4 -- Variables*

Figure 5.2-1 -- Typical Tuning Fork
Figure 5.3-1 -- Range vs Beamwidth
Figure 5.3-2 -- Dense Traffic Scenario
Figure 5.3-3 -- Antenna Pattern vs Detection Range
Figure 5.3-4 -- Moving Mode Spectrum (Front Antenna)
Figure 5.3-5 -- Moving Mode Spectrum (Rear Antenna)
Figure 5.4-1 -- Shadowing
Figure 5.4-2 -- Moving False Ground Echo
Figure 5.5-1 -- X band field disturbance
Figure 5.5-2 -- K band field disturbance
Figure 5.5-3 -- Harmonics
Figure 5.5-4 -- Atmospheric Losses at Microwave Frequencies
Figure 5.6-1 -- Multi-path
Figure 5.6-1 -- Multi-path, Moving Water, and Speed Error
Figure 5.6-1 -- Wavelength versus Wave Speed
Figure 5.6-4 -- Motorcycle Radar

Figure 6.1-1 -- In the beginning...*
Figure 6.2-1 -- Upper Spectrum
Figure 6.2-2 -- Light Wavelengths
Figure 6.2-3 -- Light Sources Relative Spectrum
Figure 6.3-1 -- Ladar Beamwidth(s)
Figure 6.3-2 -- Atmospheric Losses at IR
Figure 6.4-1 -- Alignment
Figure 6.4-2 -- Alignment Error vs Target Range*
Figure 6.5-1 -- Change in Range Error
Figure 6.6-1 -- Range Error vs Measured Speed Error
Figure 6.6-2 -- Range vs Speed/Sample Time(s)
Figure 6.6-3 -- Minimum Target Separation
Figure 6.6-4 -- Target Echo Delay
Figure 6.7-A -- ProLaser Laser Radar*
Figure 6.7-B -- LTI 20-20 Laser Radar*

Figure 7.1-1 -- Radar Detector LO Leakage
Figure -- VG-2 Radar Detector Detector
Figure -- Stalcar Radar Detector Detector
Figure -- -- Stalcar RDD photographs
Figure 7.2-1 -- Minimum Range example

Figure 8.1-1 -- Non-Ionizing / Ionizing Radiation
Figure 8.2-1 -- ANSI Standard
Figure 8.2-2 -- IEEE Standard
Figure 8.3-1 -- Typical Traffic Radar Power Density
Figure 8.3-2 -- Atmospheric Losses: Microwave to Light*

Figure A-1 -- Select Ka Band Radars

Figure B-1 -- Sine Wave Parameters
Figure B-2 -- Electromagnetic Wave in Free Space

Figure C-1 -- Stationary Radar Doppler Shift
Figure C-2 -- Moving Radar Doppler Shift
Figure C-3 -- Radar Doppler Shift vs Speed

Figure E-1 -- Radar Block Diagram
Figure E-2 -- Antenna Far-field Region

Figure F-1 -- Ladar Pulse Parameters
Figure F-2 -- Ladar Timing Parameters
Figure F-3 -- Ladar Block Diagram

Figure -- Deceleration Model
Figure -- Brake G's vs Yellow Light Duration
Figure -- Brake G's vs Yellow Light Duration

UTC -- Coordinated Universal Time Zones*

List of Tables

Table 2.2-1 -- Typical Average RCS for Microwave Frequencies
Table 2.2-2 -- Vehicle Radar Cross Sections (RCS)
Table 2.2-3 -- Estimated Vehicle RCS

Table 3.1-1 -- Target Direction and Radar

Table 5.2-1 -- 001-100 mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands*
Table 5.2-2 -- 101-240 mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands*
Table 5.2-3 -- 240-420 mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X band*
Table 5.2-4 -- 001-100 kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands*
Table 5.2-5 -- 101-240 kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands*
Table 5.2-6 -- 240-420 kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X band*
Table 5.2-7 -- 001-100 knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands*
Table 5.2-8 -- 101-240 knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands*
Table 5.2-9 -- 240-420 knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X band*
Table 5.2-10 -- mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and Ku band*
Table 5.2-11 -- kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and Ku band*
Table 5.2-12 -- knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and Ku band*

Table 5.4-1 -- Speed Error Due to Frequency Shift (chirp)*
Examples of Distance given Speed (mph) and Time*
Examples of Distance given Speed (km/hr) and Time*
Table 5.4-2 -- Antenna Movement Error
Table 5.4-3 -- Maximum Acceleration Given Sample Time
Table 5.4-4 -- Acceleration (G's) and Change in MPH or KMH per Second*
Table 5.4-5 -- 0 to 60 mph in 5 seconds*

Table 5.5-1 -- Harmonic Interference and X Band Radar
Table 5.5-2 -- Harmonic Interference and K Band Radar
Table 5.5-3 -- Harmonic Interference and Ka Band Radar

Table 6.2-1 -- Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrum

Table 6.5-1 -- Maximum Acceleration Given Sample Time

Table 6.6-1 -- Speed Error for given Unit Range
Table 6.6-2 -- Pulse Width vs Range Separation

Table 7.2-1 -- Free Falling Object Distance, Time, and Instantaneous Speed

Table A-1 -- Frequency Multipliers
Table A-2 -- Traffic Radar Frequency Bands
Table A-3 -- Select Ka Band Traffic Radar Frequencies
Table A-4 -- Military Radar Bands
Table A-5 -- International Telecommunications Union Radar Bands
Table A-6 -- Radio Frequency Bands
Table A-7 -- ECM Bands

Table B-1 -- Radar Wavelengths
Table B-2 -- Wavelengths for Common Sources

Table C-1 -- Unit Speed Doppler Shift

Braking Action vs Deceleration
Braking Action vs Yellow Light Duration

Police 10 Codes*
Coordinated Universal Time*

Decimal Multiplier Prefixes
Binary Multiplier Prefixes
Constants
Decibels (dB)
Speed of Light
Speed Conversions
Length Conversions
Temperature