PREVIEW VERSION
Police Traffic Radar Handbook Web Site
SITE MAP
PREVIEW VERSION
Police Traffic Radar Handbook Web Site
SITE MAP
List of Calculators, Figures, Tables
List of Calculators
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 -- RADAR / SPEED MEASURING SYSTEMS
1.1 -- Police Traffic Radar
General Description / Timing Animation
S Band (obsolete)
X Band
Ku Band
K Band
Ka Band
-- Wideband (Ka) Radar
Across the Road Photo / Safety Radar
Laser Radar
Microwave versus Laser Radar
1.2 -- Other Speed Measuring Systems
Pacing (speedometer)
Automatic Timing Systems
-- Across the Road Laser
-- Inductive Loops
-- Piezo Ceramic Sensors
-- Road Cables
Manual Timing Systems
-- Aerial Clocking
-- Distance / Time Computer
-- Stop Watch
ERRORs due to Distance / Time
-- COMPUTE ERRORs
1.3 -- Vehicle Radar
Description
Brief History
Technical Aspects
1.4 -- Sports Radar
Applications
Manufacturers
Chapter 2 -- THEORY (microwave radar)
2.1 -- The Doppler Principle
Doppler Examples
Stationary Radar Doppler
Moving Radar Doppler
2.2 -- Radar Cross Section (target reflectivity)
Target Shape
Reflectivity
Frequency / Polarization
Angle
Examples
Multiple Targets / Proof
-- COMPUTE Ranges Target Echoes Equal / Proof
Time / Range Distant Target Echo Greater
-- COMPUTE Range Distant Echo greater than Close (on-coming) / Proof
-- COMPUTE Range Distant Echo greater than Close (receding) / Proof
Chapter 3 -- RADAR HARDWARE (microwave radar)
3.1 -- The Basic Radar Gun
Operation
Controls
Display / Indicators
3.2 -- Radar Specifications
American Traffic Systems (photo radar)
Applied Concepts
CMI, Inc.
Decatur Electronics, Inc.
Federal Signals
Kustom Electronics, Inc.
McCoy's Law Line, Inc.
Mobile Traffic Zone, Inc. (safety radar)
M.P.H Industries, Inc.
Municipal Electronics
Precision Solar Controls, Inc. (safety radar)
Progressive Electronics
Traffic Display Monitoring (safety radar)
Traffic Monitoring Technologies (TMT) (photo radar)
Tribar Industries
Vindicator
Multanova (Switzerland)
Ottery (England)
Tinel (Bulgaria)
Traffipax (Germany)
Microwave Radar
Photo / Safety Radar
Laser Radar / Ladar or Lidar
Across the Road Laser
Chapter 4 -- THE COSINE EFFECT (ERROR) (microwave and laser radar)
4.1 -- Cosine Error Geometry
Setup
Overpass
Hills / Curves
Cosine Error
4.2 -- Cosine Effect on Measured Speed
Equations for Velocity and Acceleration Errors
/ Speed Error Equations / Acceleration Equations
Minimum Range
COMPUTE Cosine Effects
-- COMPUTE Range given Speed Error
-- COMPUTE Minimum Range
-- Stationary Radar Simulator
Minimum Range due to Radar Sample Time
4.3 -- Cosine Effect on Moving Radar (Microwave Radar Only)
Operation
Patrol Speed Shadowing AND Target Cosine Effect
Moving Mode Equations / Speed Error Equations / Radar Off Road Error Equations / Acceleration Equations
Summary
COMPUTE Moving Cosine Effects
-- COMPUTE Range given Speed Error
-- COMPUTE Minimum Range
-- Moving Radar Simulator
4.4 -- Cosine Effect on Across the Road Radar (Microwave Radar Only)
-- COMPUTE Distance/Time Target in Beam
4.5 -- Targets on a Curve
-- COMPUTE Acceleration and Velocity on a Curve
Chapter 5 -- LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS WITH RADAR (microwave radar)
5.1 -- NHTSA 1980 Tests
Test
Problem Summary
Variations Between Radars
Beamwidth, ERP, and Low Voltage Summary
TEST DATA /
Radar A /
Radar B /
Radar C /
Radar D /
Radar E /
Radar F /
Radar G
Recommendations
5.2 -- Test / Calibration Before / After Use
Operator Testing
Self-test (internal calibration)
-- COMPUTE Speed Error Due to Frequency Error
Tuning Forks
Tuning Fork Tables
-- COMPUTE Ka band Tuning Fork Resonance
Lab / Shop Calibration
5.3 -- Beam / Antenna Limitations
Antenna Beam
-- COMPUTE Beam Spread
Displayed Target
Dense Traffic
Antenna Pattern
Moving Mode Clutter
5.4 -- Operational Problems
RADAR HARDWARD
-- Accuracy
-- Instant-on Start-up Time
-- Tracking Time
-- Multi Mode Radar
-- Auto-lock
RADAR CONFIGURATION
-- Scanning Error/Hand-Held Modulation
-- Panning Error
RADAR SET UP
-- Testing
-- Cosine Effect Error
-- Target Displayed
MOVING MODE RADAR
-- Target Acceleration (Deceleration)
-- Target Harmonic
TARGET VEHICLE
-- Patrol Speed Shadowing
-- Batching or Speed Bumping
5.5 -- Interference
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
Receiver Saturation
Harmonic Interference
Specific Examples
Mechanical Interference
Natural Interference
Unintentional Forms of Radiation
5.6 -- Other Situations
Marine Radar
Motorcycle Radar
Radar in a Tunnel
Chapter 6 -- LASER RADAR (LADAR or LIDAR)
6.1 -- Introduction to Laser Radar
6.2 -- Light Spectrum
6.3 -- Laser Radar Operation
Tests Before / After Use
Beamwidth
-- COMPUTE Beam Spread
Operation
Detection Range
6.4 -- Laser Radar Aiming / Alignment
-- COMPUTE Distance Between Beam Center and Aim Spot
6.5 -- Operational Problems with Laser Radars
Cosine Effect
Target Speed / Acceleration
Interference
Scanning Error
6.6 -- Laser Radar Speed Error -- due to range errors
Target Reflection varies between Rear--Front of Target
Range Resolution
Range Variations
6.7 -- Laser Radar Specifications
Applied Concepts, Inc.
Kustom Signals
Laser Atlanta Optics, Inc.
Laser Technology, Inc. (LTI)
M.P.H. Industries
Cleartone (UK)
Jenoptik
Measurement Devices Ltd (UK)
RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH (Austria)
TraffiPatrol
Chapter 7 -- BEFORE / AFTER AN ENCOUNTER WITH RADAR / LADAR
7.1 -- Countermeasures
Scams
Driving Tips
-- Additional Info to Collect
Radar Detectors
Safety Warning System (SWS) option
-- Text Messages
Safety Alert option
Radar Detector Detectors (RDD)
-- Models
-- Stalcar Photos
Microwave Jammers
Laser Jammers
7.2 -- The Courtroom
References
Radar Hardware Issues
Radar FCC License
Laser Radar Use
NHTSA / IACP Consumer Product List (CPL)
-- Case Law
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
Take it to Court?
Preparation for Court
Court Day
The Cosine Effect Defense
Chapter 8 -- RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) TOPICS
8.1 -- RF Biological Effects
Radiation
Studies and Reports
Electrical Properties of Living Matter
Thermal Effects of RF Radiation
Interaction of Fields and Biological Systems
8.2 -- RF Radiation Standards
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
8.3 -- Traffic Radar Power Densities
Power Density vs Range given ERP
ERP, Power Density, and Electric Field
Appendix A -- Frequency Spectrum
Introduction
Traffic Radar Frequencies
Frequency Band Designations
Appendix B -- Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Wave Parameters
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Polarization
-- COMPUTE Freqeuncy, Wavelength, Period
-- COMPUTE Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Power Density
Appendix C -- Doppler Equations
Appendix D -- Radar Range Equations
Appendix E -- Radar Technical Details
Radar Block Diagram
Antenna
Gain
Far-field
Diplexer
Transmitter
Phase-Lock Loop (PLL)
Receiver
Processing
Appendix F -- Ladar Technical Details
Minimum Range
Target Velocity
Block Diagram
Compare Traffic Signals
Introduction
Standards
Variations
Deceleration
Calculate Braking g's
Examples
Police 10 Codes
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
Constants / Conversions / Abbreviations
Decimal Multiplier Prefixes
Binary Multiplier Prefixes
Constants
Decibels (dB)
Speed of Light and Sound
Speed Conversions
Length Conversions
Temperature
-- CONVERT velocity
-- CONVERT distance
-- CONVERT power
-- CONVERT power density
Additional Reading / Sources
Data References
Periodicals
Text Books
Traffic Radar Books
U.S. Government Documents
INDEX -- Keyword(s) SEARCH ENGINE
